COMPARATIVE MODERNIZATION
  1. Categorization:
    1. Geographic Focus:
      1. Geo-strategic or geo-political? An abberation of the Cold War era. See F-R, p. 11.
      2. Geo-economic: See F-R, p. 7
        1. The Core: Liberal Modernizers.
        2. Semi- Periphery: The Conservative Modernizers
        3. The Periphery: semi-colonial and colonial lands dominated by the West.
    1. Four decisive factors. Readings, 5.
    2. What is modern? See Readings, 29-30. Contrast with contemporary challenges to this view of modernity, particularly in parts of the Islamic world.
  2. Modernization Theory
    1. Variations
      1. Convergence
        1. ---- wishful thinking of the Cold War era.
        2. The renewed issue of universalism.
      2. Revisionist ----- divergent modernization.
    2. Periodization.
      1. Traditional/Command societies --- pre-civilization --- persist into the modern era. See F-R, p. 14-15. Dinshawai as a good example of a modern traditional/command society in the modern era under Western imperialism. (F-R, 48-52)
      2. Pre-Modern: See F.R., p. 15-16.
        1. Classic civilizations to 1000 B.C.E.-500 C.E.
        2. 500-1500 C.E. The medieval-feudal era in Europe, some interregional hegemony in Asia.
      3. The Modern era and the "Dual Revolution": (See F-R, 3-4 for identification of 4 themes.)
        1. 1500-1800--:The rise to globalism: "The First Wave (See: F-R, p. 8-9, 16, merchant capitalism)." The commercial Revolution in the West and the parallel revolutions against the remnants of the previous era.
        2. 1800- "The Second Wave"
          1. The "First Industrial Revolution": (See: F-R, p. 9, 19-20, 28-30) industrial capitalism.)
          2. The "Second Industrial Revolution: See F-R., 30-33.)
          3. Imperialism imperialism and a new era of revolutionism.
  3. Liberal Modernization: Note the term the "Dual Revolution." (see F-R, 16, mid-right) which is virtually synonymous with liberal modernization.
    1. The exceptional factors in the western part of the West. (See Readings, 5-13 and F-R, 8-10.)
      1. Why did the West make the breakthrough to global expansion and ultimately domination in the nineteenth century? Important: read this link for a succinct statement of a generally accepted answer.
      2. The significance of the feudal experience. Click here for an example of a feudal contract. See also Readings, 5-7.


        3.

        1. See Readings, p. 7. re. Magna Carta
        2. Contrast with Russian experience (See Ignatieff in Readings, 24-27.
        3. Europe divided into multiple centers of power ---- competitive dynamism ---- virtually no semblance of nation-states. See Centennia about 1300 for graphic representation.
    2. The "Dual Revolution" --- the First Wave of Modernization:
      1. The Crusades, the rise of towns (bourg, Burg, burgh) and the rise of the bourgeoisie Slide Show: click on each successive slide and then close the last screen to return to this page.
      2. The bourgeois revolution against the remnants of feudalism.See F-R, p. 9, right col. for a discussion of political revolution.
        1. England: Revolutions of the 17th century. See Readings, middle, 9.
          1. Read: Bill of Rights, note particularly the emphasized passages.
          1. John Locke. FYI: John Locke Chapter 1: a justification of the revolution against feudal right on behalf of natural right.
        1. The U.S., 1776: Read: The Declaration of Independence.
        2. French revolutions: 1789-1815. Note the emphasized passages in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
        3. The legacy of  the political revolutions:
          1. Modern concept of liberalism. Read F-R, 10, left.. For an elaboration on this concept by contemporary writers who call themselves liberal and conservative respectively, click here.
          2. The birth of the modern concepts of nation and nationalism: Click here and study the definition which also appears in Readings, 31. Study also the definition in F-R, 9-10, . Click here for a review of a book discussing the world's largest stateless nations.
      3. The Rise of the Mass Society: Read F-R, 19-20.
        1. Product of the demographic revolution and the "dual revolution."
          1. Mobilization of the masses for industrialization.
          2. Political mobilization.
        2. Categories of mass-societies. See F-R, p. 20, left col.
          1. Pluralistic ---- the product of liberal modernization.
          2. Authoritarian mass societies ---- in 20th century totalitarianisms, e.g. Nazi Germany, Stalinist Soviet Union.
          3. Post-colonial --- the products of the revolutions of decolonization.
    3. The Second Wave of Modernization:commercial-capitalism into industrial capitalism.
      1. Change in Life-Styles: e.g. Caesar (49 B.C.), Castlereagh (1814), Wilson(1919), Bush
      2. England and the Industrial Revolution. See F-R, p. 9, left col.
        1. Economic and demographic change.
        2. Political Reform and the evolution of parliamentary democracy 1832-1914.
          1. The landed (Tories) and "funded" (Whigs) gentry.
          2. The Great Reform Bill of 1832 as an expression of liberalism. (See Readings, 11-middle).
        3. "The Second Wave," and the emergence of a "mass society."See F-R, 18-20.
          1. Revolutionary Socialism: See Marxism (F-R, 10). Video (In Library: 335.4 M369T (Vid.c) : "Marxism: the Theory that split a world." For text, click here.

           

           

       

         

        1. Reform Socialism=Social Democracy, the "new liberalism" and the aim of an egalitarian, pluralistic mass society. See F-R, p. 10, left col.
      1. France: Restoration (1814) and Revolutions (1830, 1848, 1870-71) Readings, 12-13.
        1. The Third Republic and the maturation of republican democracy.
        2. "The Rise of the Mass-Oriented Society."
      2. Summary of the consequences of liberal modernization. See Readings, p. 13

 


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