To do these exercises, look at three places on the diagram: the vocal cords (in the throat), the velum--the 'trap door' at the top back of the moth that opens and closes the nasal passage, and the tongue or lips, to see the location and kind of articulatoryaction is taking place.

Answers:
p. 53, top row, L to R:

[t] = vocal cords not vibrating, therefore voiceless; closure at alveolar ridge (= a stop sound); nasal passage closed, so the sound is not nasal. Voiceless alveolar stop = [t]

[m] = vocal cords are vibrating, so sound is voiced; lips are closed, so sound is bilabial; nasal passage is open, so sound is nasal. Voiced bilabial nasal = [m]

Second row, L to R:

= voiced interdental fricative = vocal cords are vibrating, so sound is voiced; tongue is between teeth, so sound is interdental; the only voiced interdental in English is this sound.

[p] = vocal cords are not vibrating, so sound is voiceless; mouth is closed at the lips, so sound is bilabial; nasal passage is closed, so sound is not nasal; voiceless bilabial stop = [p]

[z] = vocal cords are vibrating, so sound is voiced; tongue is near, but not touching, alveolar ridge = alveolar fricative. Voiced alveolar fricative = [z]

Third row, L to R:

= vocal cords are not vibrating, so sound is voiceless; tongue is between teeth, so sound is interdental; the only voiceless interdental in English is this sound.

[d] = vocal cords are vibrating, so sound is voiced; closure at alveolar ridge (= a stop sound); nasal passage closed, so the sound is not nasal. Voiced alveolar stop = [d]

[f] = vocal cords are not vibrating, so sound is voiceless; upper teeth are touching lower lip, so sound is labiodental; the only voiceless labiodental sound in English is the fricative [f].

Bottom row, L to R:

= vocal cords are vibrating, so sound is voiced;tongue closure at velum, so sound is velar; nasal passge is open, so sound is nasal. Voiced velar nasal.

[v] = vocal cords are vibrating, so sound is voiced; upper teeth are touching lower lip, so sound is labiodental; the only voiced labiodental sound in English is the fricative [v]

[b] =vocal cords are vibrating, so sound is voiced; lips are closed (stop), so sound is bilabial; nasal passage is closed, so sound is not nasal. Voiced bilabial stop = [b]

Voiced sounds are [v], [w], [r], [z], [b], [ ] (the vowel of 'sit'; small capital 'i'), [o], [d], [g], [i], [m],

a. i 

b. 

c. a or 

d. 

f. 

g. 

h. h

j. 

k. l

a. voiced alveolar fricative
b. voiced alveolar nasal
c. voiceless palatal affricate
d. voiced velar nasal
e. voiced velar stop
f. voiceless labiodental fricative
g. voiceless palatal fricative
h. voiced alveolar retroflex liquid

a. high front lax unrounded vowel
b. mid back tense rounded vowel
c. mid front lax unrounded vowel
d. high back tense rounded vowel
e. low front lax unrounded vowel
f. high back lax rounded vowel

a. reach
b. rich
c. ridge
d. wrote, rote
e. crude
f. fudge
g. kite
h. action
i. pizza
j. warm
k. rot
l. root, route
m. crawled
n. sale, sail
o. slope
p. nation
q. crowd
r. Wednesday
s. leisure
t. firm

u. box
v. clothe
w.grace
x. beauty
y. thank
z. searched
aa. point
bb. shoelace
cc. though
dd. bang
ee. Asia
ff. shock
gg. pain
hh look.
ii.coral
jj. survey
kk. pride, pried
ll. thousand
mm. conscious
nn. sunny